Rados ? aw Markowski is Head of the Comparative Politics Department at the Polish Academy of Sciences and Chair of the Center for the Study of Democracy at the Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities. Micha ? Kotnarowski is Researcher at the Polish Academy of Sciences (Warsaw). Micha ? Wenzel is Researcher at the Center for the Study of Democracy (Warsaw). Marta ? erkowska-Balas is Researcher at the Center for the Study of Democracy (Warsaw).